SECI Model of Knowledge DimensionsThe theory of organizational knowledge creation developed by Ikujiro Nonaka and his colleagues (Nonaka 1994; Nonaka et al. 1994; Nonaka & Takeuchi 1995; Nonaka et al. 2000; 2001a; Nonaka & Toyama 2003) originated in studies of information creation in innovating companies (Imai et al. 1985; Nonaka 1988a, 1988b, 1990, 1991b, Nonaka & Yamanouchi 1989; Nonaka & Kenney 1991) and appears to have undergone two phases of development. Initially a two dimensional theory of knowledge creation was proposed (Nonaka 1994: 16-17; Nonaka & Takeuchi 1995: 57-60). The first, or “epistemological”, dimension is the site of“social interaction” between tacit and explicit knowledge whereby knowledge is converted from one type to another, and new knowledge created (Nonaka et al. 1994: 338; Nonaka 1994: 15). Four modes of knowledge conversion were identified.Advantages of the SECI model -- Appreciates the dynamic nature of knowledge and knowledge creation. Provides a framework for management of the relevant processes. Disadvantages of the SECI model -- It is based on a study of Japanese organizations, which heavily rely on tacit knowledge: employees are often with a company for life. The linearity of the concept: can the spiral jump steps? Can it go counter-clockwise?Ikujiro Nonaka_f29856dc-aeaf-11e3-8af7-67a78ba68bf0_f29856dd-aeaf-11e3-8af7-67a78ba68bf0_f29856de-aeaf-11e3-8af7-67a78ba68bf0SocializationTransfer knowledge through face-to-face sharing or through shared experiences._f29856df-aeaf-11e3-8af7-67a78ba68bf01Tacit to Tacit (Socialization) - This dimension explains Social interaction as tacit to tacit knowledge transfer,sharing tacit knowledge through face-to-face or share knowledge through experiences. For example, meetings and brainstorm can support this kind of interaction. Since tacit knowledge is difficult to formalize and often time and space specific, tacit knowledge can be acquired only through shared experience, such as spending time together or living in the same environment. Socialization typically occurs in a traditional apprenticeship, where apprentices learn the tacit knowledge needed in their craft through hands-on experience, rather than from written manuals or textbooks For example, meetings and brainstorm can support this kind of interaction. Since tacit knowledge is difficult to formalize and often time and space specific, tacit knowledge can be acquired only through shared experience, such as spending time together or living in the same environment. Socialization typically occurs in a traditional apprenticeship, where apprentices learn the tacit knowledge needed in their craft through hands-on experience, rather than from written manuals or textbooks._f29856e0-aeaf-11e3-8af7-67a78ba68bf0ExternalizationMake tacit knowledge explicit through articulation, publishing, sharing._f29856e1-aeaf-11e3-8af7-67a78ba68bf02Tacit to Explicit (Externalization) - Between tacit and explicit knowledge by Externalization (publishing, articulating knowledge), developing factors, which embed the combined tacit knowledge which enable its communication. For example, concepts, images, and written documents can support this kind of interaction.　When tacit knowledge is made explicit, knowledge is crystallized, thus allowing it to be shared by others, and it becomes the basis of new knowledge. Concept creation in new product development is an example of this conversion process._f29856e2-aeaf-11e3-8af7-67a78ba68bf0CombinationCombine different types of explicit knowledge._f29856e3-aeaf-11e3-8af7-67a78ba68bf03Explicit to Explicit (Combination) - Explicit to explicit by Combination (organizing, integrating knowledge), combining different types of explicit knowledge, for example building prototypes. The creative use of computerized communication networks and large-scale databases can support this mode of knowledge conversion. Explicit knowledge is collected from inside or outside the organisation and then combined, edited or processed to form new knowledge. The new explicit knowledge is then disseminated among the members of the organization._f29856e4-aeaf-11e3-8af7-67a78ba68bf0InternalizationLearn by doing._f29856e5-aeaf-11e3-8af7-67a78ba68bf04Explicit to Tacit (Internalization) - Explicit to tacit by Internalization (knowledge receiving and application by an individual), enclosed by learning by doing; on the other hand, explicit knowledge becomes part of an individual's knowledge and will be assets for an organization. Internalization is also a process of continuous individual and collective reflection and the ability to see connections and recognize patterns and the capacity to make sense between fields, ideas, and concepts... After Internalization the process continues at a new ‘level’,hence the metaphor of a "spiral" of knowledge creation (Nonaka & Takeuchi 1995: 71-2, 89) often referred to as the SECI model._f29856e6-aeaf-11e3-8af7-67a78ba68bf02014-03-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECI_model_of_knowledge_dimensionsOwenAmburOwen.Ambur@verizon.net