Internet-of-Things Enabled Smart City (IES) FrameworkThe principle goal of this framework is to provide useful tools to enable stakeholders of smart city implementation projects to perform more and faster implementations through lowered barriers to interoperability. It offers a smart city application analysis tool that permits smart city stakeholders to do early research related to smart city applications -- their breadth, the readiness of cities’ infrastructures, and the benefits to citizens. The framework also provides a comparative technical analysis of prominent smart frameworks that are now being developed and deployed, often with disparate architectures. The framework illustrates the potential for harmonization among these architectures. "Pivotal Points of Interoperability (PPI)" and "Zones of Concern (ZofC)" are concepts introduced in this framework that provide means to lower barriers to interoperability between the various ecosystems currently being deployed.Currently, three primary barriers exist which inhibit widespread deployment of effective, powerful smart city solutions: 1. Inadequate information and knowledge transfer: Most smart city deployments are based on custom systems which cannot exchange information with other cities, and therefore, are neither extensible nor cost-effective. 2. Diverse standards: Current architectural standardization efforts have not yet converged. This creates uncertainty among stakeholders. There is a lack of consensus on both a common language/taxonomy and smart city architectural principles. The result is that the many groups with smart city interests are likely to generate standards and practices that are divergent, perhaps even contradictory, which would not optimally serve the global smart city community. 3. Poor scalability: A third barrier is the insufficient interoperability and scalability of underlying Internet of Things (IoT), and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) technologies that provide the foundation for many smart cities applications. Additional barriers include lack of resources, clear principles for prioritization, and limited access to the necessary technical expertise and experience. To lower these barriers, NIST and its partners, below, convened this international public working group to compare and distill a consensus language, taxonomy, and framework of common architectural features to enable smart city solutions that meet the needs of modern communities.National Institute of Standards and TechnologyNIST_36a9a026-66b6-11e0-86fc-e93d7a64ea2aNIST, as lead partner, is coordinating this activity through its Cyber-Physical Systems Program, part of the NIST Engineering Laboratory, to pursue its responsibilities for assisting industry in the development of measurements, measurement methods, and basic measurement technologies; and assuring the compatibility of United States measurement standards with those of other nations. CitiesA smart city inspires the vision of a space where key components of infrastructure and services -- environmental, emergency response, traffic and energy management to name a few -- are integrated in such a way that features and applications can easily be combined with whatever capability existed before. Achieving that vision requires moving beyond many current implementations in which the degree of integration of core subsystems within smart cities is often limited by patchworks of legacy and fixed solutions connected by custom integrations. This public working group sought to benefit from lessons learned by pioneers of smart city implementations to distill a composable Smart City Framework. This framework is intended to facilitate the emergence of Interoperable, Composable, and Harmonized technologies that can be used to realize the vision.City AdministratorsCities Administrators and participants in the management and evolution of smart cities benefit from this framework through the availability of the framework tools initiated by this project. These tools will facilitate early evaluation of smart city applications and their applicability within any smart city endeavor.Policy MakersPolicy Makers and Regulators -- Policy makers and regulators can likewise benefit from the application framework tools in considering the needs for smart city applications. These analyses can form the starting point for specifications and approvals of roadmaps using a consistent terminology.RegulatorsVendorsVendors/Integrators -- Vendors and Integrators can benefit from the technical analysis of Pivotal Points of Interoperability recognizing the key technical markers in technologies with which they may have to integrate. Knowledge of these points reduces the distance to interoperability and allows proposals and development efforts to focus on benefits added, as opposed to, integration complexities.IntegratorsStandards Development OrganizationsStandards development organizations can benefit from the requirements analysis terminology provided by the NIST CPS Framework and use the methods of section 4 to recognize the similarities and differences between their smart city and IoT efforts and those of other SDOs. This facilitates potential harmonization as common alternatives are reviewed and selected.Academic ResearchersAcademic researchers can utilize the tools of the IES-City Framework to extend their smart city projects by incorporating consistent terminology and concepts from the framework. Elaborations of the tools can further enrich the ecosystem of smart cities and IoT by adding dimensions through additional analyses. They can additionally study impacts, assess betterment of living, developing research frameworks and otherwise provide feedback to policymakers based on the concepts of the framework.Smart Cities Framework SponsorsThe smart city market is a growing and global one with significant competitiveness implications for both industry and municipalities. The sponsors of this activity are introduced below:ANSIANSI's role is primarily outreach and awareness-raising to encourage technical experts to participate in the initiative and to use the working group's output in subsequent standards activities in which ANSI plays a role as coordinator of the U.S. standardization system and U.S. member to international standards bodies. ENEAENEA is analyzing (especially but not exclusively based on Italy) and elaborating specific aspects related to standards and smart cities (with a special focus on Interoperability issues) as a contribution to the technical white paper. For this purpose, ENEA is coordinating an Italian Convergence Table, involving research and industrial communities and cities, for identifying common principles in a national perspective and promoting and disseminating standards and interoperability approaches for smart cities.Ministry of Science & ICTMSIT's (Ministry of Science and ICT) role is to provide its expertise gained from Korea IoT Cluster Projects such as Busan Global Smart City and Daegu Daily Healthcare Centre, which are facilitating convergence of various IoT services based on an International IoT/M2M Standard (oneM2M) platform. In addition, as the government of South Korea, MSIT supports its role for enabling numerous IoT businesses and start-up companies to build up profitable services and establishing IoT ecosystem with the smart city frameworks derived from this activity.ETSIETSI's technical groups such as SmartM2M, and the global standards initiative oneM2M in which ETSI is a founding partner, are working on IoT service platform specifications that can be applied to Smart City scenarios. In addition, ETSI is active in various EU initiatives such as AIOTI (The Alliance for Internet of Things Innovation) which is examining the need for technical specifications and making recommendations for additional standards to be developed in order to support the ICT technologies in Europe. ETSI hopes that through this collaboration in the IES-City framework it may enable global cooperation and knowledge sharing as well as the development of global technical specifications and recommendations to help accelerate the numerous Smart City deployments around the globe.U.S. Green Building CouncilThe U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), along with Green Business Certification Inc. (GBCI), is committed to a prosperous and sustainable future through cost-efficient and sustainable buildings, infrastructure, communities and cities. USGBC and GBCI are working toward their mission of market transformation and participation in this program through LEED and other key programs, offering a credible measure to evaluate, compare, manage and improve the performance of urban systems through transformative actions that improve sustainability, quality of life and wellness of citizens.FIWARE FoundationThe FIWARE Foundation is targeted to boost creation of an ecosystem around the FIWARE platform, which provides a rather simple yet powerful set of APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) that ease the development of Smart Applications in multiple vertical sectors. FIWARE API specifications are public and royalty-free supported by an open source implementation enabling multiple FIWARE providers to emerge faster in the market with a low-cost proposition. The FIWARE context management API has been adopted by more than 75 cities to support real-time open data. The FIWARE Foundation aims at contributing to the definition of a reference architectural framework for smart cities that it can help implement as open source and promote.Telecommunications Industry AssociationThe Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) is the leading trade association representing the global information and communications technology (ICT) industry through standards development, policy initiatives, business opportunities, market intelligence and networking events. TIA is a founding partner of oneM2M. When governments look at how to adopt Smart City solutions, the path to adoption is not clear-cut. Every city has its own unique needs based upon the regional geography, population demographics, and the composition of the local economy. The communications industry is in a unique position to assist governments to overcome the challenges of urbanization and address the current and future well-being of metropolitan populations.IES-City Framework ContributorsThe partners would like to acknowledge the following individuals who contributed their expertise and writing to this document:Vatsal BhattUSGBCDavid BinkleyIterisArianna BruttiENEAMartin BurnsNISTChristopher ChinapooFive Star Quality & Justive AssociatesStefano DePanfilisFIWAREFloyd DesChampsThe Desner Group, LLCHagen FinleyDell EMCAngelo FrascellaENEALinghao HeUSGBCJuanjo HierroFIWAREDavid KuehnDOTNaveen LambaGrant ThorntonSeungMyeong JeongKETIJoe Manganellixplr design, llc; Fluor; Kent State UniversityLanfranco MarassoEngineeringMichael MulquinIS Communications LtdMartin MurilloEmiliano Sergio VergaCefrielArkady ZaslavskyCSIROSpaces where key components of infrastructure and services are integrated in such a way that features and applications can easily be combined._5fb6cf74-0dd1-11e8-bd0d-f42998ec8c5aTo facilitate the emergence of Interoperable, Composable, and Harmonized technologies that can be used to realize the vision._5fb6d14a-0dd1-11e8-bd0d-f42998ec8c5aInteroperability"Interoperable" implies the ability to substitute or integrate parts from a diverse economy of offerings. As the reader will see in the descriptions of the CPS Framework described in section 4.2.2 CPS Framework, there are many measures by which interoperability must be achieved. Each concern of a stakeholder that a given technology can address represents another dimension of interoperability.Composability"Composable" implies that continuous integration and improvement should be achieved through graceful addition of functions as opposed to wholesale replacement or substantial re-engineering. Cities integrating each new capability should be able to simply acquire and add it to the existing infrastructure with a minimum of tailoring and reworking of existing component interfaces. The whole will be greater than the sum of its parts.Harmonization"Harmonized" technologies can make compatible the incompatible. From offerings in different domains to those designed in different standards bodies, the ability of different specifications to result in interoperable and complementary solutions are essential to achieve the other two goals of the framework.SolutionsWe define solution as the ensemble of administrative, policy and technological actions that solves a socially-related challenge. Solutions can seek to better the environment, save money to the taxpayer, infuse innovation, or any combination of the above (note that some might be mutually exclusive.) Examples range from automating the wastewater routing systems to benefit the environment to the provision of eGovernment services to save money, increase efficiency, and provide services for rural citizens. ApplicationsAn application is defined as the use of technology for the management and operation of a physical, public service, or social asset. Examples of applications are traffic management, energy provision, eGovernment services, etc. BreadthEvaluate breadth._5fb6d230-0dd1-11e8-bd0d-f42998ec8c5a1PolicymakersAs in any engineering solution, Smart City needs can be translated into requirements. These requirements can be situated into a set of coordinates which will also represent the breadth of an application. This framework and approach is relevant because there is no one-fits-all solution as the requirements arousing from city needs will differ in the various dimensions. So, to evaluate the breadth, it is necessary to:* classify the applications' kind or type* define sets of requirements for each application's category and subcategoryApproachDefine an approach for evaluating the breadth of applications._5fb6d2da-0dd1-11e8-bd0d-f42998ec8c5a1.1This approach will be developed starting from some existing models.FrameworkDefine a framework for evaluating the breadth of applications._e94482ee-106b-11e8-8c6e-31ea89ec8c5a1.2Practically this framework will be a software tool, based on the defined evaluation approach.ReadinessProvide an easy to use tool to evaluate potential applications for smart cities by posing simple questions to administrators and planners._e94485aa-106b-11e8-8c6e-31ea89ec8c5a2Evaluation of readiness can be an enormous task. There have been substantial references and standards efforts to define the various requirements and metrics for applications. However, there are a much smaller set of key characteristics a smart city requires to practically deploy a given application. This readiness dimension of the framework is a comprehensive and easy-to-use tool for cities to make a quick and prudent decision to identify and deploy smart city applications. It is also expected to be a concise set of metrics and indicators to measure progress. A methodology was designed that will allow a quick, high-level readiness assessment to be done, that can then be followed up with a much more robust and long-term assessment process that is consistent with the initial activity. It can assist policymakers in prioritizing actions (i.e. eprocurement, indirectly highlighting most pressing needs, etc.)_e94486e0-106b-11e8-8c6e-31ea89ec8c5aMetrics & ToolsProvide the metrics and tools that can be used by cities to parameterize the necessary investment of public resources for a smart city designation. _5fb6d3a2-0dd1-11e8-bd0d-f42998ec8c5a3Such investments are expected to bring win-win situations to all involved stakeholders - benefiting the city government, private sector enterprises and people. This structured approach to evaluating possible technologies for deployment throughout a city will allow government leaders to build a more livable and productive community... To evaluate the benefits thoroughly, a wide range of benefits has been identified for three domains: Public Sector, Private sector, and Citizenry. Public Sector _5fb6d44c-0dd1-11e8-bd0d-f42998ec8c5a3.1Public Sector Private Sector_5fb6d500-0dd1-11e8-bd0d-f42998ec8c5a3.2Private Sector Citizenry_5fb6d5c8-0dd1-11e8-bd0d-f42998ec8c5a3.3CitizenryPoints of InteroperabilityDiscover Pivotal Points of Interoperability (PPI)_5fb6d690-0dd1-11e8-bd0d-f42998ec8c5a4AnalysisAnalyze existing exemplary Smart City Architecture and Internet of Things (IoT) technical descriptions._5fb6d744-0dd1-11e8-bd0d-f42998ec8c5a4.1The technologies that are being deployed for smart cities are complex and robust. They are often described by deep technical documentation -- each with its own abstractions and style of writing and diagramming. As such, it is impractical for any single provider or acquirer to master all the instances that can be offered to determine if they can be composed with any offering from any other provider. The goal of this analytical activity was to make it possible for such comparisons to be made and thereby enable purchasers to have some degree of confidence that they will not be locked into a single source and/or hard to integrate technology.Standards & SpecificationsAnalyze standards and specifications_5fb6d83e-0dd1-11e8-bd0d-f42998ec8c5a4.1.1Architectures, Frameworks & ModelsAnalyze architectures, frameworks, conceptual models_5fb6d910-0dd1-11e8-bd0d-f42998ec8c5a4.1.2Platforms, Protocols & EnvironmentsAnalyze platforms, protocols, environments_5fb6da32-0dd1-11e8-bd0d-f42998ec8c5a4.1.3Overlapping ConcernsDocument their overlapping concerns such as functionality, data, timing, trustworthiness, etc._5fb6db36-0dd1-11e8-bd0d-f42998ec8c5a4.2SolutionsDetermine the common "properties" (solutions) specified in these overlapping concerns such as cybersecurity choices, time synchronization, data formats/ontologies and thereby reveal potential pivotal points of interoperability._5fb6dc1c-0dd1-11e8-bd0d-f42998ec8c5a4.32018-02-09https://s3.amazonaws.com/nist-sgcps/smartcityframework/files/ies-city_framework/IES-CityFrameworkdraft_20180207.pdfOwenAmburOwen.Ambur@verizon.net