Reinventing Police: A Model Inspired by the Private SectorThe recent homicide at the hands of police of George Floyd and a number of other unarmed black men has sparked worldwide cries for police reform. This paper uses inspiration from the private sector to propose ways to improve policing. In brief, we ask the question: what best practices from private companies can we use to improve police as we know it? A model for police reform is provided to include goal-orientation, constant improvement, accountability, violence reduction, key performance indicators (KPIs), citizen surveys, yearly performance reviews and performance-driven compensation.Police kill, on average, 2.8 men per day in the United States. Police – the institution responsible for averting homicides – were responsible for a full 8% of all homicides with adult male victims between 2012 and 2018. Black men’s mortality risk is between 1.9 and 2.4 deaths per 100 000 per year, Latino risk is between 0.8 and 1.2, and White risk is between 0.6 and 0.7. Reference: Edwards, Frank, Michael H. Esposito, and Hedwig Lee. "Risk of police-involved death by race/ethnicity and place, United States, 2012–2018." American journal of public health 108.9 (2018): 1241-1248.Alex BäckerAB_8d6657f2-af4e-11ea-bfa1-50e12a83ea00Independent Researcher and Member, Information Science and Technology Council. California 5 Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.Less violence_8d6659dc-af4e-11ea-bfa1-50e12a83ea00To identify practices from the private sector that can be used to improve policing_8d665acc-af4e-11ea-bfa1-50e12a83ea00AccountabilityContinuous ImprovementGoalsAdopt a goal-orientation_8d665b9e-af4e-11ea-bfa1-50e12a83ea001_8d665d42-af4e-11ea-bfa1-50e12a83ea00_fc7f45a0-af52-11ea-93f4-a8f82b83ea00PLACEHOLDER_1[To be specified][To be determined]ImprovementPursue constant improvement_8d665e32-af4e-11ea-bfa1-50e12a83ea002Constant improvement -- Police departments, and individual police officers, should be subject to a goal of constant improvement. _8d665f04-af4e-11ea-bfa1-50e12a83ea00_fc7f47c6-af52-11ea-93f4-a8f82b83ea00PLACEHOLDER_2[To be specified][To be determined]AccountabilityEnsure accountability for results_8d665fd6-af4e-11ea-bfa1-50e12a83ea003Accountability -- Police should report yearly to the public about their KPIs, their goal-attainment, both in aggregate and by officer.KPIsIdentify Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)_8d66615c-af4e-11ea-bfa1-50e12a83ea003.AKey Performance Indicators (KPIs) -- In order for police to achieve the goals society expects from them, they need to have clear goals, and KPIs to measure them. You cannot improve what you don’t measure. Furthermore, the cost of achieving the goals must be measured, too. For example, if we reduce homicides by nonpolice by 100 per year at the cost of 100 killings by police per year, that would clearly constitute a failure. Here are some proposed KPIs:3.A.iHomicidesNumber_fc7f4992-af52-11ea-93f4-a8f82b83ea00PLACEHOLDER_3Reduce the number of homicides per year (to include any killings by police)[To be determined]3.A.iiCrimesNumber_fc7f4a6e-af52-11ea-93f4-a8f82b83ea00PLACEHOLDER_4Reduce the number of crimes committed per year[To be determined]3.A.iiiValue StolenDollars_fc7f4bb8-af52-11ea-93f4-a8f82b83ea00PLACEHOLDER_5Decrease the value of thefts per year[To be determined]3.A.ivTheft RecoveryPercentage_fc7f4c6c-af52-11ea-93f4-a8f82b83ea00PLACEHOLDER_6Increase the percentage of the value of thefts recovered per year[To be determined]3.A.vHomicides SolvedPercentage_fc7f4d20-af52-11ea-93f4-a8f82b83ea00PLACEHOLDER_7Increase the percentage of homicides solved per year[To be determined]3.A.viCrimes SolvedPercentage_fc7f4e1a-af52-11ea-93f4-a8f82b83ea00PLACEHOLDER_8Increase the percentage of crimes solved per year[To be determined]3.A.viiSatisfactionAverage Rating_fc7f4ed8-af52-11ea-93f4-a8f82b83ea00PLACEHOLDER_9Increase the average satisfaction of people interacted with[To be determined]SurveysSurvey customers_8d666242-af4e-11ea-bfa1-50e12a83ea003.BCustomer surveys -- Police should be required to anonymously survey every person they interact with meaningfully, rating the interaction for its effectiveness, safety and politeness. _fc7f4fa0-af52-11ea-93f4-a8f82b83ea00PLACEHOLDER_10[To be specified][To be determined]Performance ReviewsConduct yearly performance reviews_8d666332-af4e-11ea-bfa1-50e12a83ea003.CYearly Performance Reviews -- Each police officer should receive at least annual performance reviews, including their personal impact on the KPIs above, as well as the results of surveys about their performance._fc7f5068-af52-11ea-93f4-a8f82b83ea00PLACEHOLDER_11[To be specified][To be determined]CompensationBase compensation on performance_8d66640e-af4e-11ea-bfa1-50e12a83ea003.DPerformance-driven compensation-- Incentives should be aligned to promote the desired conducts. Officers’ compensation should depend on their performance reviews and their ability to meet the goals they are assigned for their KPIs._fc7f513a-af52-11ea-93f4-a8f82b83ea00PLACEHOLDER_12[To be specified][To be determined]ViolenceReduce violence_8d6664fe-af4e-11ea-bfa1-50e12a83ea004Violence reduction -- Clearly, a goal for the police should be the reduction of violence. To this end, police should resort to violence as a last resort. Police should not carry lethal weapons. It is never necessary to kill in self-defense; the aim of police in any confrontation should be to diffuse the attack and apprehend, never to kill. Police should carry weapons designed to achieve those goals: defend, maim an attack, and apprehend, not lethal weapons._8d6665da-af4e-11ea-bfa1-50e12a83ea00_fc7f520c-af52-11ea-93f4-a8f82b83ea00PLACEHOLDER_13[To be specified][To be determined]_fc7f5428-af52-11ea-93f4-a8f82b83ea002020-06-16https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3626505&download=yes_fc7f550e-af52-11ea-93f4-a8f82b83ea00OwenAmburOwen.Ambur@verizon.net